📐 Grammar (305 lessons)
Grammar is how English words combine into correct, clear sentences. Each lesson gives the rule, clear examples and the mistakes learners make most often.
Choose your level
- Beginner (A1) · 64 lessons
- Elementary (A2) · 80 lessons
- Intermediate (B1) · 107 lessons
- Upper-Intermediate (B2) · 29 lessons
- Advanced (C1–C2) · 25 lessons
Beginner Grammar · A1
Nouns: Naming Words
A noun names a person, place, thing or idea.
Singular and Plural Nouns
Add -s to most nouns; add -es after s, x, ch, sh.
Irregular Plurals
Some nouns change form instead of adding -s.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Countable nouns can be counted; uncountable ones cannot take a/an or plural.
Proper and Common Nouns
Proper nouns name specific things and start with a capital letter.
Subject Pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, we, they replace the subject.
Object Pronouns
me, you, him, her, it, us, them follow verbs or prepositions.
Possessive Adjectives
my, your, his, her, its, our, their show ownership before a noun.
Possessive Pronouns
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs stand alone.
Demonstratives: This, That, These, Those
Use this/these for near things, that/those for far things.
Verb To Be (Present)
am, is, are link the subject to a description.
Verb To Be: Negatives and Questions
Add not after be; swap be and subject for questions.
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Elementary Grammar · A2
Past Simple: Regular Verbs
Add -ed to finish actions in the past.
Past Simple: Irregular Verbs
Many common verbs have special past forms.
Past Simple: Negatives and Questions
Use did/didn't + base verb.
Was and Were
Past forms of be.
Past Continuous
was/were + -ing for actions in progress in the past.
Past Simple vs Past Continuous
Use continuous for background; simple for interrupting events.
Future with Going To
be going to + verb for plans and evidence-based predictions.
Future with Will
will + verb for decisions, promises, predictions.
Will vs Going To
Will = spontaneous decision; going to = prior plan.
Present Continuous for Future
Use for fixed arrangements.
Comparatives
Add -er or use more to compare two things.
Superlatives
Add -est or use most for the highest degree.
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Intermediate Grammar · B1
Present Perfect Continuous
have been + -ing stresses duration up to now.
Past Perfect
had + past participle for an earlier past action.
Past Perfect Continuous
had been + -ing for duration before a past moment.
Future Continuous
will be + -ing for actions in progress at a future time.
Future Perfect
will have + past participle for completion before a future time.
Future Perfect Continuous
will have been + -ing for duration up to a future point.
Second Conditional
if + past, would + verb for unreal present or future.
Third Conditional
if + past perfect, would have + pp for unreal past.
Mixed Conditionals
Combine different times in if and result clauses.
Unless and Other Conditional Words
unless = if not; provided that, as long as, in case.
Wish and If Only (Present)
wish + past simple for present regrets.
Wish and If Only (Past)
wish + past perfect for past regrets.
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Upper-Intermediate Grammar · B2
Inversion with Negative Adverbials
Place auxiliary before subject after never, rarely, no sooner.
Cleft Sentences
It is/was ... that, What... is.. to emphasise.
Subjunctive Mood
Use base form after demands and suggestions.
Advanced Modals: Needn't, Dare, Ought To
Less common modal forms.
Future in the Past
was going to / would to describe past plans.
Participle Clauses (Advanced)
Perfect and passive participles join ideas.
Ellipsis
Omit repeated words.
Substitution: So and Not
Replace clauses.
Fronting
Move elements to the front for focus.
Emphatic Structures
Use emphasis for contrast.
Hypothetical Meaning: Suppose, Imagine, What If
Introduce hypothetical situations.
It's Time and It's High Time
Past form for present urgency.
See all 29 Upper-Intermediate grammar lessons →
Advanced Grammar · C1–C2
Advanced Inversion in Conditionals
Formal, literary condition forms.
Mandative Subjunctive in Formal Writing
Formal demands and recommendations.
Complex Sentences and Subordination
Layer clauses for sophisticated writing.
Absolute Constructions
Noun + participle phrases.
Concord Exceptions
Notional agreement and proximity.
Pseudo-Cleft and Wh-Cleft
Highlight information.
Pragmatics: Hedging and Politeness
Soften statements.
Register: Formal vs Informal Grammar
Adapt grammar to context.
Grammar of Academic Writing
Impersonal passives and nominal style.
Stative Verbs in Continuous Forms
Special uses of stative verbs.
Ambiguity and Misplaced Modifiers
Place modifiers next to what they describe.
Dangling Participles
Participle must match the subject.